Lusaka: It has been almost three months since Zambia's president, Hakainde Hichilema, signed the Cyber Security and Cyber Crimes Acts of 2025 into law. His supporters have praised the legislation for its potential to combat digital crimes and enhance national security.
According to Deutsche Welle, the laws have sparked significant debate among rights groups, who argue that the Cyber Crimes Act threatens democratic principles and stifles freedom of expression. Mulambo Haimbe, Zambia's Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, has defended the legislation, emphasizing its intent to protect citizens online rather than infringe on their freedoms. He assured the public that the laws are not designed for unwarranted surveillance.
Media consultant Oliver Shalala Sepiso, representing the ruling United Party for National Development (UPND), echoed these sentiments, asserting that the laws focus on digital protection rather than citizen surveillance. Despite these assurances, the enactment of the laws on April 8 was met with limited public attention, with many Zambians learning about them through a warning issued by the United States embassy in Lusaka.
Richard Mulonga, CEO of Bloggers of Zambia, highlighted the necessity of the cyber legislation to tackle rampant cybercrimes like identity theft and online fraud. However, he also pointed out provisions within the laws that could potentially restrict free expression and broader digital rights. Lungisani Zulu, President of the Law Association of Zambia, revealed plans to challenge the new law in court, citing its infringement on citizens' rights and potential impact on democracy.
The Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) has reported negative effects on journalists, with many resorting to self-censorship due to fears of legal consequences. This has impacted investigative journalism and raised concerns about vague definitions of indecent content and false information.
Among Zambia's youth, opinions are divided. Kellys Mushota, a social media user, noted a reduction in online harassment but also a decline in open discussions on governance and politics. Meanwhile, researcher Joshua Seke expressed concerns about privacy and potential government surveillance of private conversations. Conversely, Lusaka resident Mary Ndau believes the laws will deter online abuse and promote respectful behavior online.
As an opposition leader, President Hichilema criticized similar laws as surveillance tools. However, he has now enacted stricter cybersecurity measures. The West Africa Media Foundation has observed a broader trend of restrictive cyber laws across Africa, impacting freedom of expression and privacy in countries like Nigeria, Cameroon, and Ivory Coast.